Controllable bandwidth polarizer

ABSTRACT

A light controlling film is described comprising a polymerized polymer network of a crosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material and a low molecular weight cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) material, wherein the high molecular weight and the low molecular weight form a material having cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) order such that the film is a reflective circular polarizer whose bandwidth is controllable by an electric field impressed in the film.

RELATED CASES

[0001] The following applications are related to the present invention:copending application Ser. No. 08/805,603 entitled “Electro-opticalglazing structures having total-reflection and transparent modes ofoperation for use in dynamical control of electromagnetic radiation” bySadeg M. Faris and Le Li, filed Feb. 26, 1997, which is acontinuation-in-part of: copending application Ser. No. 08/739,467entitled “Super Broadband Reflective Circularly Polarizing Material AndMethod Of Fabricating And Using Same In Diverse applications”, by SadegM. Faris and Le Li filed Oct. 29, 1996, which is a is aContinuation-in-Part of copending application Ser. No. 08/550,022 (NowU.S. Pat. No. 5,691,789) entitled “Single Layer Reflective SuperBroadband Circular Polarizer and Method of Fabrication Therefor” bySadeg M. Faris and Le Li filed Oct. 30, 1995; copending application Ser.No. 08/787,282 entitled “Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Inks” by Sadeg M.Faris filed Jan. 24, 1997, which is a Continuation of application Ser.No. 08/265,949 filed Jun. 2, 1994, which is a Divisional of applicationSer. No. 07/798,881 entitled “Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Inks” by SadegM. Faris filed Nov. 27, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,557; copendingapplication Ser. No. 08/715,314 entitled “High-Brightness Color LiquidCrystal Display Panel Employing Systemic Light Recycling And Methods AndApparatus For Manufacturing The Same” by Sadeg Faris filed Sep. 16,1996; copending application Ser. No. 08/743,293 entitled “Liquid CrystalFilm Structures With Phase-Retardation Surface Regions Formed ThereinAnd Methods Of Fabricating The Same” by Sadeg Faris filed Nov. 4, 1996;and an application submitted simultaneously with the present applicationentitled BROADBAND SWITCHABLE POLARIZER Inventors: Jian-feng Li, Le Li,Bunsen Fan, Yingqiu Jiang, and Sadeg Faris. Each of the above identifiedApplications and patents are commonly owned by Reveo, Inc, and areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of Invention

[0003] The present invention relates generally to reflective polarizingfilms where the reflectivity may be varied by impressing an electricfield across the film. Such films may be used to great advantage inelectro-optical glazing structures having reflection, semi-transparent,and/or transparent modes of operation which are electrically-switchablefor use in dynamically controlling electromagnetic radiation flow indiverse applications. In particular, the present invention relates toreflective polarizing films where the bandwidth of the reflectivity maybe controlled by impressing an electric field across the film.

[0004] 2. Brief Description of the Literature

[0005] Broadband reflecting polarizers were introduced in copendingapplication Ser. No. 08/550,022 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,789) entitled“Single Layer Reflective Super Broadband Circular Polarizer and Methodof Fabrication Therefor” by Sadeg M. Faris and Le Li which was filedOct. 30, 1995. Such broadband polarizers are made by producing a singlelayer having cholesteric liquid crystal order where the pitch of theliquid crystal order varies in a non linear fashion across the layer. Anarrow band, switchable polarizing single layer reflector is disclosedin European patent application 0 643 121 A, published Mar. 15, 1995. Aswitchable polarizing single layer reflector having a broader bandwidthis disclosed in PCT application WO97/2358, published Jul. 3, 1997.General references on polymer dispersed liquid crystals may be found indetail in “Polymer Dispersed Liquid crystal displays”, by J. W. Doane, achapter in “Liquid Crystals”, Ed. B. Bahadur, World ScientificPublishing, Singapore, and “CLC/polymer dispersion for haze-free lightshutters, by D. Yang et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 3102 (1992). SmartWindow Design is treated in “Electrochromism and smart window design”,by C. Granqvist, Solid State Ionics 53-56 (1992) and “large scaleelectochromic devices for smart windows and absorbers”, by T. Meisel andR. Baraun, SPIE 1728, 200 (1992). The above identified US patents andother references are hereby incorporated by reference.

OBJECTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0006] It is an object of the invention to provide a reflectivepolarizing film having a bandwidth which is controllable by an electricfield.

[0007] It is an object of the invention to provide a “smart window”using a polarizing reflective film having a very wide bandwidth which iscontrollable by an electric field.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0008] The present invention provides a single layer polarizingreflective film comprising a crosslinked polymer matrix mixed with lowmolecular weight liquid crystal molecules. The low molecular weightliquid crystal molecules are oriented with respect to the surface of thefilm and to each other in cholesteric order. The ratio of the amount ofliquid crystal molecules to the amount of cross-linked polymer is chosenso that the liquid crystal molecules may move reversibly in an electricfield. The movement of the low molecular weight molecules perturbs thecholesteric liquid crystalline order responsible for the reflectivity ofthe polarized light. If the composition of the film is uniform, thepolarized reflectivity of the film has a very narrow bandwidth whenthere is no electric field impressed in the film. As the electric fieldis increased, the bandwidth of the polarized reflectivity increases.There is sufficient high molecular weight cross linked polymer materialto ensure that the film is not liquid, and to ensure that the lowmolecular weight material does not diffuse after manufacture of thefilm, and to ensure that the low molecular weight material returns tothe cholesteric liquid crystal ordered state when the field is removed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009]FIG. 1 shows the film 10 of the invention.

[0010]FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. 1 with the addition of a π/4 phaseretardation plate.

[0011]FIG. 3 shows an additional embodiment of the device of FIG. 2.

[0012]FIG. 4 shows the film of the invention used for display purposes.

[0013]FIG. 5 shows an optical system using the film of the invention.

[0014]FIG. 6 shows an optical system for injecting a controlledbandwidth polarized light beam into an optical communication fiber 64.

[0015]FIG. 7 shows the voltage controlled film of the invention as acavity element in a laser cavity.

[0016]FIG. 8 shows the reflection spectra for unpolarized light of thebandwidth changeable polarizer for different values of the voltageacross the film.

[0017]FIG. 9 shows the transmission spectra for right and left handedcircularly polarized (RHCP and LHCP) light of a film of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0018] Since the early attempt of utilizing cholesteric film as opticalfilter and the effort on polymer encapsulated nematic liquid crystalsfor display, much attention has been focused on trying to bringpolymeric liquid crystals and cholesteric liquid crystals together tomake devices for light control application. (See, for example J. Adams,W. Hass, J. Dailey, Journal of Applied Physics, 1971, and J. L.Fergason, Society for Information Display Digest, 1985.). We report newpolarizers made from a high molecular weight reactive cholesteric liquidcrystal polymer material mixed with conventional low molecular weightliquid crystal(s) and a chiral dopant(s). The resulting polarizersreflect circular polarized light matching their spiral senses. A 10 μmthick polarizer, with a bandwidth from 440 nm to 660 nm, can be switchedfrom reflection mode to transmission mode by applying an electric field.This broad band switchable polarizer is the subject of a copendingapplication entitled BROADBAND SWITCHABLE POLARIZER, with InventorsJian-feng Li, Le Li, Bunsen Fan, and Yingqiu Jiang and Sadeg Faris, andwhich is assigned to the assignee of the present application, andsubmitted on the same date as the present application, and which ishereby incorporated by reference.

[0019] Using a material blend containing a reactive cholesteric liquidcrystalline (CLC) compound, other non-reactive liquid crystal(s) andchiral dopant(s), the switchable polarizer is created by a mechanismtermed as ultraviolet (UV) polymerization induced molecularredistribution (PIMRD) which is responsible for creating a nonlinearhelical pitch distribution along the CLC helical axis. Thisredistribution is described in great detail in Le Li and Sadeg M. Faris,Single Layer Reflective Super Broadband Circular Polarizer And Method ofFabrication Therefor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,789, 1997. Cross linking orpolymerization of the high molecular weight material takes place atdifferent rates in different places in the material, and thenon-reactive compounds are pushed out from the more cross linked orpolymerized material and segregated as reported in an article by Yang,D. K., Chien, L.-C., and Doane, J. W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, p3102(1992). As a result, some diffusing non-reactive molecules are “trapped”in the polymer network during the polymerization. At sites where thepolymerization rate is lower, more non-reactive nematic liquidcrystalline molecules are accumulated and the helical pitch becomelonger. Ultimately, this PIMRD mechanism yields a non-uniform helicalpitch distribution throughout the mixture, resulting in a switchablebroadband reflective polarizer.

[0020] The non linear pitch distribution may be attained by polymerizingwith light, where the intensity of the light varies throughout the layerof material. This happens naturally if the material mixture absorbs thelight strongly. The mixture is merely irradiated at a low enoughintensity to allow diffusion of the non-reactive nematic liquidcrystalline molecules from one surface of the mixture to the other.Appropriate light absorbing molecules may be added to the mixture, or awavelength of the light may be chosen which is strongly absorbed in oneof the constituents of the mixture which is necessary for the functionof the broad band polarizer. Other methods of polymerization as known inthe art may be used as well, so long as the requisite nonlinear lightabsorption results. Such methods as electron or other beaus a radiation,or heating with a large temperature gradient across the material, couldalso be used.

[0021] We have found a very different effect when we crosslinked thepolymer with very high intensity UV light so that the low molecularweight molecules could not diffuse far in the approximately 1 secondpolymerization time. We found that the resulting film had a very narrowbandwidth (70 nm), but that when an electric field was impressed acrossthe field, the polarizing reflective bandwidth, surprisingly, broadenedto 350 nm. This controllable bandwidth film is the subject of thepresent application.

[0022] Using a material blend containing a reactive cholesteric liquidcrystalline (CLC) compound, other non-reactive liquid crystal(s) andchiral dopant(s), this bandwidth changeable polarizer is created by avery fast UV curing process which is opposite to the PIMRD process. Thedetailed first recipe is a mixture of 12% by weight of a high molecularweight (HMW) CLC polymer [BASF 181(25% bisacrylates)], 61% of a lowmolecular weight nematic material E44 obtained from Merck, 25% of achiral additive CB15 obtained from Merck, and 1.9% of a photoinitiatorIG 184 from Ciba Geigy. In this process, a strong UV source (1 W/cm²)and higher concentration of photo-initiator had been used. As a result,diffusion of the low molecular weight molecules was restricted duringthe polymerization. In consequence, a much more uniform helical pitchdistribution throughout the mixture was obtained, resulting in a narrowband width (70 mn) reflective polarizer when the electric fieldimpressed in the film was low.

[0023] A special right-handed reactive cholesteric liquid crystallinecompound was mixed with a commercially available nematic liquid crystaland certain amount of chiral dopant. The purpose of adding chiral dopantis again to adjust the helical pitch. Photo-initiator was also added tostart the polymerization process. A commercial high power UV lightsource, wavelength centered at 365 run, was used to polymerize reactiveliquid crystal component in the mixture. Spectrometry was carried outwith a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 19.

[0024] The sample, made of two ITO glass sheets coated with rubbedpolyimide and separated by a thinner glass bead spacers (8 μm), wasfilled with the new liquid crystal mixture, and then irradiated with aintense UV light source at room temperature for a short period of time(in the order of second).

[0025] Preferred recipes have also been developed. They are listed asfollows:

[0026] Recipe 2#: CM181 (365 nm) (BASF)=12%, CB15=25%, E44=61%,IG184=2%. d=10 micrometer, curing temperature 25° C., UV intensity 1W/cm². Initial bandwidth 680-670 nm when no voltage is applied; with avoltage of 26V (DC), the bandwidth broadens from 500-740 nm(right-handed), switching voltage 26V (DC.). CM181 cross-linking densityis low.

[0027] Recipe 3#: CM171 (507 nm)=12%, CB15=25%, E44=61%, IG184=2%. d=10micrometer, curing temperature 25° C., UV intensity 1 W/cm². Initialbandwidth 680-770 nm when no voltage is applied; with a voltage of30V(DC), the bandwidth broadens to cover from 450-850 nm (right-handed),switching voltage 30V (DC). CM171 cross-linking density is medium.

[0028] Recipe 4#: CM181 (365 nm)=12%, CB15=26%, E44=60%, IG184=2%. d=8micrometer, curing temperature 25° C., UV intensity 1 W/cm². Initialbandwidth 620-680 nm when no voltage is applied; with a voltage of45V(DC), the bandwidth from 470-850 nm (right-handed), switching voltage45V (DC). CM171 cross-linking density is low.

[0029] Recipe 5#: CM181 (365 nm)=12%, CB15=26%, E44=60%, IG184=2%. d=8micrometer, curing temperature 25° C., UV intensity 1 W/cm². Initialbandwidth 620-680 nm when no voltage is applied; with a voltage of45V(DC), the bandwidth from 470-850 nm (right-handed), switching voltage45V (DC). CM171 cross-linking density is low.

[0030] Various embodiments of the invention may be understood byreference to the figures

[0031]FIG. 1 shows the film 10 of the invention comprising a crosslinked or polymerized material having a high molecular weight componentand a low molecular weight CLC component. Film 10 is contacted byelectrically conducting materials 12 and 14 which may have a voltage V₁applied to impress and electric field in the material of the invention.The materials 12 and 14 may contact the film 10 or be closely adjacentfilm 10. Unpolarized light 16 is shown incident on film 10 throughconducting material 12, which is transparent to the light 16. Right handcircularly polarized light 18 is shown reflecting from film 10, whileleft hand circularly polarized light is shown transmitted through film10 and through material 14. If material 14 does not absorb light, theleft hand circularly polarized light remaining after transmissionthrough film 10, the device of FIG. 1 is a polarizer. If light 19 istransmitted, the device of FIG. 1 is a polarizing beamsplitter. When thefield is impressed in film 10 by raising the voltage V₁, the bandwidthof the right hand circularly polarized light 18 broadens. If the lightincident on to film 10 is right hand circularly polarized, the voltagemay be used to change the device of FIG. 1 from a narrow band reflectorof the light to a broad band reflector of the light.

[0032]FIG. 2 shows the device of FIG. 1 with the addition of a π/4 phaseretardation plate 24. Unpolarized light incident on the device of FIG. 2will be result in linearly polarized light being controllably reflectedfrom the device. If linearly polarized light oft-he correct polarizationis incident on the device of FIG. 2, the voltage may be used to controlthe bandwidth of the reflected light or the width of the “notch” in thetransmitted light.

[0033]FIG. 3 shows an additional embodiment of the device of FIG. 2.whereby an additional π/4 phase retardation plate 34 converts thecircularly polarized light remaining from the initially unpolarizedincident light to a linearly polarized light beam 32 which has oppositepolarization to the reflected beam 22.

[0034]FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of the film of the invention used fordisplay purposes. The electric field in the film 10 of the invention iscontrolled to vary spatially across the area of the film 10 by a voltagecontroller 48 applying varying voltages to segmented electrodes 46. Thebandwidth of light 42 is changed from the various areas of the film togive a display. In the case shown, polarized light may be used for light42, and the polarized light in transmission may also be used as adisplay.

[0035]FIG. 5 shows an optical system using the film of the invention,whereby the controllable bandwidth light beam 58 may be used in furtheroptical systems 54, and the transmitted light beam 59 may have a “notch”controllable by the voltage applied across the conducting materials 10and 12.

[0036]FIG. 6 shows one example of an optical system 54 for injecting acontrolled bandwidth polarized light beam 58 through a lens 62 into anoptical communication fiber 64.

[0037]FIG. 7 shows an embodiment using the voltage controlled film ofthe invention as a cavity element in a laser cavity 70. The controllablebandwidth polarizing film is used here as cavity reflector 72 for acavity comprising the controllable bandwidth polarizing film, abroadband light amplifier 74, and a broadband mirror 76. The device ofFIG. 7 will lase and produce a controllable bandwidth of laser light atwavelengths where the reflectivity of the mirror 72 reaches a thresholdvalue. The laser output may be drawn either from the mirror 72 or fromthe mirror 76, depending on the transmissions of the cavity reflectors.

[0038]FIG. 8 shows the reflection spectra for unpolarized light of thebandwidth changeable polarizer of recipe #1 for different values of thevoltage across the film. With electric field off, the bandwidth isnarrow, and only amounts to about 70 nm (FWHM). When a DC electric fieldof 7 V/mm is applied, the bandwidth is then broadened to 350 nm.Scattering plays an insignificant role here. By visual inspection, wefound, with DC electric field applied to the sample, that haze was notnoticeable by naked eyes.

[0039]FIG. 9 shows the transmission spectra for right and left handedcircularly polarized (RHCP and LHCP) light for a sample of film madefrom recipe #1.

[0040] We believe that, due to the restriction on the diffusion duringthe polymerization of the mixture by using strong UV light source andhigher photo-initiator concentration, the helical pitch distribution ofthe sample is narrow, and the distribution of the chiral polymer is alsouniform though out the sample. When DC electric field was applied, thepolymer network with its own resulted helical structure was not affecteddue to its high cross-linking density. However, the non-reactivecholesteric liquid crystal components are affected by the electricfield. The helical structure was untwisted. Below the threshold field,due to the constraint form the surfaces (thin sample, 8 μm) and thecross-linked cholesteric polymer, the non-reactive molecules closer tothe polymer network would maintain their orientations, those are not soclose to the polymer network would be aligned along the field. Theresult was a deformed spiral. Therefore, the reflection band of such ahelical structure is no longer narrowly centered at the pitch, ratherbecame a much broader one as we had observed in our laboratory. We hadalso observed that such a untwisting process has a intrinsic timeconstant in the order of seconds.

We claim:
 1. A light controlling film, the film having a first surfaceand a second surface, comprising: a polymerized polymer network,comprising: a crosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material; anda low molecular weight cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) material,wherein the high molecular weight and the low molecular weight form amaterial having cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) order, the CLC orderoriented with respect to the first and the second surfaces, and whereinlight having a first polarization and a first bandwidth incident on thefirst surface is substantially reflected from the film, and whereinlight having a second polarization and the first bandwidth incident onthe first surface is not substantially reflected from the film, andwherein an electric field impressed in the film substantially changesthe first bandwidth of reflection of light having the firstpolarization.
 2. The light controlling film of claim 1, wherein thecrosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material is less than 20% byweight of the film.
 3. The light controlling film of claim 2, whereinthe crosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material is less than15% by weight of the film.
 4. The light controlling film of claim 3,wherein the crosslinked high molecular weight polymeric material is lessthan 12% by weight of the film.
 5. The light controlling film of claim1, wherein the proportion of crosslinked high molecular weight materialto low molecular weight material is substantially constant across thefilm from the first surface to the second surface.
 6. The lightcontrolling film of claim 1, further comprising a first electricallyconducting material adjacent to the first surface, the firstelectrically conducting material for impressing an electric field in thefilm, the first electrically conducting material transmitting lighthaving the first bandwidth.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, furthercomprising a second electrically conducting material adjacent to thesecond surface, wherein a voltage applied between the first and thesecond electrically conducting material impresses an electric field onin the film.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the secondelectrically conducting material transmits light having the firstbandwidth.
 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first polarizationis a circular polarization.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, furthercomprising a transparent quarter wave retardation plate in closeproximity to the first surface, whereby linearly polarized lightincident on the transparent quarter wave retardation plate iscontrollably reflected.
 11. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprisinga means for applying an electric field in the film, the electric fieldvarying spatially over the first surface, whereby polarized light iscontrollably reflected for display purposes.
 12. The apparatus of claim6, further comprising optical communication means, whereby the bandwidthof light in the optical communication means is controlled.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 6, further comprising means for directing light on tothe first surface, and means for receiving light from the first surface,whereby polarized light with a controllable bandwidth produced in themeans for receiving light.
 14. The apparatus of claim 6, furthercomprising laser cavity means whereby the bandwidth of the light outputof the laser cavity means is controlled by the film when the film isused as a reflective element in the laser cavity.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 6, further comprising a transparent quarter wave retardation platein close proximity to the first surface, whereby linearly polarizedlight incident on the transparent quarter wave retardation plate iscontrollably reflected.
 16. A method of making a light controlling film,the film having a first surface and a second surface, comprising:applying a mixture of high molecular weight polymeric material and lowmolecular weight polymeric material on a surface which produces a CLCorder in the mixture; and crosslinking the high molecular weightpolymeric material so that the low molecular weight material does notsignificantly diffuse and remains uniformly distributed in the film;wherein light having a first polarization and a first bandwidth incidenton the first surface is substantially reflected from the film, andwherein light having a second polarization and the first bandwidthincident on the first surface is not substantially reflected from thefilm, and wherein an electric field impressed in the film substantiallyincreases the first bandwidth of reflection of light having the firstpolarization.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the step ofcrosslinking takes place in a time t₁ short compared to the time t₂ inwhich the low molecular weight material can significantly diffuse. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein the step of crosslinking takes placeincludes irradiation of the film by high intensity ultravioletradiation.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of crosslinkingtakes place includes irradiation of the film by high intensityultraviolet radiation having a radiation intensity of greater than 0.1watts/cm².
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the step of crosslinkingtakes place includes irradiation of the film by high energy electronswhere the electron where the electron energy deposition is substantiallyconstant throughout the film.
 21. The method of claim 16, wherein thestep of crosslinking takes place includes irradiation of the film bylight which is substantially uniformly absorbed throughout the film. 22.The method of claim 16, wherein the step of crosslinking takes placeincludes heating the film substantially uniformly throughout the film.23. A system for controlling unpolarized electromagnetic (EM) radiationcomprising: a substrate; a single layer of material on the substrate,the material reflecting the electromagnetic (EM) radiation, thereflected EM radiation being polarized, the reflected EM radiationhaving a bandwidth; an electric field generator for generating avariable electric field in the layer of material; and a controller forcontrolling the electric field generator; whereby the controllercontrols the electric field generator to generate a field in the layerof material and whereby the bandwidth of the reflected EM radiationchanges in response to the change of the electric field.
 24. Aswitchable reflective polarizer for reflecting light of a firstpolarization, wherein the bandwidth of polarized light reflected fromthe reflective polarizer may be changed from a broad bandwidth to anarrower bandwidth by the application of an voltage to the reflectivepolarizer.
 25. The switchable reflective polarizer of claim 24 incombination with an additional switchable reflective polarizerreflecting the opposite polarization, whereby the bandwidth of all lightreflected from the combination may be changed from a broad bandwidth toa narrower bandwidth by the application of an voltage to the reflectivepolarizer.
 26. The switchable reflective combination of claim 25controllably reflecting visible light in combination with a broad bandinfra-red reflecting and visible transmitting component, whereby visiblelight may be controllably transmitted and infra-red light may bereflected.
 27. The switchable reflective combination of claim 25controllably reflecting visible light in combination with a switchablereflective combination of claim 25 controllably reflecting infra-redlight, whereby visible light may be controllably transmitted andinfra-red light may be controllably transmitted.